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Process Data set: C32/40 Readymix Concrete (0% GGBS Cement Replacement) (en) en

Key Data Set Information
Location IE
Geographical representativeness description Readymix concrete supplied to the market in Republic of Ireland
Reference year 2025
Name
C32/40 Readymix Concrete (0% GGBS Cement Replacement)
Use advice for data set This EPD covers cradle to gate with options, modules C1–C4, and module D. The options include A4, A5 (construction installation stage) and B (User stage). In the B stages B1 (Use) covers carbonation during the life of the concrete.
Technical purpose of product or process Concrete is a material formed by mixing cement and/or other binders, coarse and fine aggregate and water, with or without the incorporation of admixtures and additions. Fresh concrete is manufactured at readymix batch plants and is delivered to the construction sites in a liquid state. Fresh concrete is placed, compacted and then hardens in the required shape via a chemical reaction. The mix proportions of a specific load of concrete vary significantly depending on element performance requirements, workability, method of placing, aggregate properties and aggregate grading. This ability to tailor a concrete mix is a key advantage of the product but it does mean that there are almost infinite possible mix permutations. This EPD is one of a suite of representative industry EPDs produced to cover a range of typical mixes produced by ICF members. It should be noted that the technical information provided here is indicative and any mix design decisions should be agreed with your concrete supplier. The Irish Concrete Federation (ICF) is the national representative organisation for the Irish aggregates and concrete products industry. The Federation has 74 members and associate members operating at approximately 300 locations throughout the country. The membership is made up of both publicly listed and family owned businesses. ICF members are responsible for the manufacture and supply of the key building materials used in the construction of Ireland’s built environment. The majority of ICF members manufacture aggregates (crushed rock, sand and gravel), ready mixed concrete and precast concrete products for supply to the Irish construction industry. In addition, some members manufacture agricultural lime which is used by farmers to improve soil fertility. Readymix concrete is manufactured in accordance with I.S. EN 206:2013+A2:2021 Concrete- Part1: Specification, performance, production and conformity.
General comment on data set Data quality: Geographical representativeness: Data is from the area under study (Ireland/Europe), where all the raw materials come from Ireland. The geographical representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Technical representativeness: Data is from the processes and products under study. The same state of technology is used by all the readymix manufacturers in Ireland. The processes use electricity for mixing and diesel for internal transport. The electricity record is for electricity generated by a mix of renewables and fossil fuel resources, which is the average electricity mix for the island of Ireland. The records for cement and GGBS are those specifically used in the industry in Ireland and are the best possible sources for these representative readymix products. The reference for cement is from the average cement EPD published by Cement Manufacturers Ireland in 2022. The technical representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Time representativeness: The production year used in this LCA is 2023. The Ecoinvent version 3.9.1 database was used to represent energies and processes. This version of Ecoinvent was issued in March 2023. The main raw materials used CEM II/A-L cement and GGBS manufactured in Ireland are represented by EPDs which are for these exact specific products and were published in 2022 and 2024 respectively. The time representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Allocation: The measurement of environmental impacts in this EPD uses the LCIA methodologies recommended for PEF 3.0. In this EPD, the waste processes are allocated in the relevant module. In the case of the use of secondary materials or energy recovered from secondary fuels, the system boundary between the system under study and the previous system (providing the secondary materials) is set where outputs of the previous system, e.g. materials, products, building elements or energy, reach the end-of-waste state. The modularity and the polluter payer principles have been followed. Cut-off criteria: All relevant inputs and outputs - like emissions, energy and materials - have been taken into account in this LCA, and in accordance with EN15804+A2:2019. The study covers at least 95% of the materials and energy per module and at least 99% of the total use of materials and energy of each unit process. Long term emissions have been excluded from the study.
Copyright Yes
Owner of data set
Quantitative reference
Reference flow(s)
Biogenic carbon content
  • Carbon content (biogenic): 0.0 kg
  • Carbon content (biogenic) - packaging: 0.0 kg
Time representativeness
Data set valid until 2030
Time representativeness description "2025-06-16" - "2030-06-15"
Technological representativeness

Indicators of life cycle

IndicatorDirectionUnit Raw material supply
A1
 Transport
A2
 Manufacturing
A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 Use
B1
 Maintenance
B2
 Repair
B3
 Replacement
B4
 Refurbishment
B5
 Operational energy use
B6
 Operational water use
B7
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Use of renewable primary energy (PERE)
Input
  • 60.82
  • 1.532
  • 7.555
  • 0.2954
  • 1.721
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.9158
  • 4.962
  • 7.317
  • 0
  • -4.225
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of renewable primary energy resource (PERT)
Input
  • 60.82
  • 1.532
  • 7.555
  • 0.2954
  • 1.721
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.9158
  • 4.962
  • 7.317
  • 0
  • -4.225
Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE)
Input
  • 917.3
  • 103.6
  • 74.25
  • 55.21
  • 33.87
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 171.1
  • 335.6
  • 155.8
  • 0
  • -69.58
Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT)
Input
  • 917.3
  • 103.6
  • 74.25
  • 55.21
  • 33.87
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 171.1
  • 335.6
  • 155.8
  • 0
  • -69.58
Use of secondary material (SM)
Input
  • 4.651
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.1163
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF)
Input
  • 116.6
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 2.916
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF)
Input
  • 175.8
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 4.395
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of net fresh water (FW)
Input
  • 1.228
  • 0.01308
  • 0.006614
  • 0.00365
  • 0.03224
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.01131
  • 0.04238
  • 0.01545
  • 0
  • -0.1414
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD)
Output
  • 0.0004989
  • 0.0006199
  • 0.0004011
  • 0.0003495
  • 0.00008808
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.001083
  • 0.002008
  • 0.0006846
  • 0
  • -0.0003869
Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD)
Output
  • 0.8705
  • 4.841
  • 0.1685
  • 0.0743
  • 0.5381
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.2303
  • 15.68
  • 0.4489
  • 0
  • -0.3555
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD)
Output
  • 0.0001145
  • 0.00003204
  • 0.00002562
  • 0.000005689
  • 0.000006892
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.00001763
  • 0.0001038
  • 0.00001617
  • 0
  • -0.00002624
Components for re-use (CRU)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for recycling (MFR)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 1893
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for energy recovery (MER)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported electrical energy (EEE)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported thermal energy (EET)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0

IndicatorUnit Raw material supply
A1
 Transport
A2
 Manufacturing
A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 Use
B1
 Maintenance
B2
 Repair
B3
 Replacement
B4
 Refurbishment
B5
 Operational energy use
B6
 Operational water use
B7
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF)
  • 903.4
  • 97.45
  • 69.61
  • 51.93
  • 34.63
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 161
  • 315.7
  • 145.6
  • 0
  • -65.41
Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE)
  • 0.0001507
  • 0.00002243
  • 0.00001711
  • 0.000001384
  • 0.000006567
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.00000429
  • 0.00007266
  • 0.00003683
  • 0
  • -0.0000128
Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP)
  • 0.6103
  • 0.015
  • 0.03771
  • 0.03675
  • 0.01779
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.1139
  • 0.04859
  • 0.08069
  • 0
  • -0.1027
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP)
  • 0.000005343
  • 1.494E-7
  • 1.529E-7
  • 6.307E-8
  • 1.532E-7
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 1.955E-7
  • 4.838E-7
  • 3.241E-7
  • 0
  • -7.16E-8
Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater)
  • 0.005861
  • 0.00005574
  • 0.00002678
  • 0.00001432
  • 0.0001531
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.00004438
  • 0.0001806
  • 0.0002027
  • 0
  • -0.00008209
Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine)
  • 0.1837
  • 0.003692
  • 0.01606
  • 0.01701
  • 0.005386
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.05274
  • 0.01196
  • 0.02622
  • 0
  • -0.03589
Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial)
  • 2.174
  • 0.03845
  • 0.1754
  • 0.1852
  • 0.0628
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.574
  • 0.1245
  • 0.2874
  • 0
  • -0.499
Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic)
  • 0.1504
  • 0.006981
  • 0.03024
  • 0.001059
  • 0.005255
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.003283
  • 0.02262
  • 0.05433
  • 0
  • 0.004826
Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil)
  • 252.2
  • 7.04
  • 5.175
  • 4.061
  • 7.178
  • -21
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 12.59
  • 22.81
  • 6.786
  • 0
  • -5.613
Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc)
  • 0.0495
  • 0.003415
  • 0.00207
  • 0.0004487
  • 0.00165
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.001391
  • 0.01106
  • 0.001228
  • 0
  • -0.00245
Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total)
  • 252.3
  • 7.049
  • 5.207
  • 4.062
  • 7.184
  • -21
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 12.59
  • 22.84
  • 6.841
  • 0
  • -5.61
Global warming potential except emissions and uptake of biogenic carbon (GWP-IOBC/GHG)
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
  • 0.5255
  • 0.02328
  • 0.05208
  • 0.05484
  • 0.0169
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.17
  • 0.07542
  • 0.0855
  • 0
  • -0.1123
Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP)
  • 51.18
  • 0.4026
  • 0.305
  • 0.113
  • 1.33
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.3502
  • 1.304
  • 0.7851
  • 0
  • -5.979

IndicatorUnit Raw material supply
A1
 Transport
A2
 Manufacturing
A3
 Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 Use
B1
 Maintenance
B2
 Repair
B3
 Replacement
B4
 Refurbishment
B5
 Operational energy use
B6
 Operational water use
B7
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties on these results are high or as there is limited experiences with the indicator.
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) 2
  • 3191
  • 94.97
  • 55.54
  • 44.37
  • 91.21
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 137.5
  • 307.7
  • 138.6
  • 0
  • -4084
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) 2
  • 1.115E-8
  • 3.14E-9
  • 1.622E-9
  • 1.217E-9
  • 6.52E-10
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 3.773E-9
  • 1.017E-8
  • 3.238E-9
  • 0
  • -2.685E-9
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) 2
  • 2.409E-7
  • 8.809E-8
  • 4.517E-8
  • 2.676E-8
  • 1.647E-8
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 8.293E-8
  • 2.854E-7
  • 1.108E-7
  • 0
  • -9.87E-8
Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) 1
  • 3.461
  • 0.04938
  • 0.05421
  • 0.01062
  • 0.09311
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.03291
  • 0.16
  • 0.02912
  • 0
  • -0.04277
Potential Soil quality index (SQP) 2
  • 486.3
  • 59.25
  • 7.577
  • 3.547
  • 18.61
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 11
  • 191.9
  • 15.46
  • 0
  • -195.3
Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) 2
  • 0.000004118
  • 5.092E-7
  • 9.416E-7
  • 0.000001025
  • 1.804E-7
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0.000003176
  • 0.000001649
  • 0.00000144
  • 0
  • -0.000001587