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Process Data set: Asphalt SMA 14 bin PMB 70/100 (en) en

Key Data Set Information
Location IE
Geographical representativeness description The asphalt is delivered to and used on construction sites in the Republic of Ireland.
Reference year 2025
Name
Asphalt SMA 14 bin PMB 70/100
Use advice for data set This LCA covers the Product (A1, A2 and A3), Transport to site (A4), Construction Process (A5), End of Life (C1 to C4) and Benefits/loads beyond the system boundary (D) Stages, as indicated above. This is termed: "Cradle to gate with options, modules C1 to C4, and module D". A schematic of these stages is presented in the flow diagram below.
Technical purpose of product or process Asphalt raw materials comprise: fine and coarse aggregates, mineral filler, bitumen and in some cases specialist admixtures. Asphalt is produced by heating and mixing the raw materials to obtain a homogenous mix at a target temperature. The heated asphalt is transported to the construction site and laid on the road/paving sub-base material using specialised asphalt laying equipment. The asphalt is manufactured to the EN governing standard for the manufacturing of asphalts, I.S. EN 13108, parts 1-9, 21, 22 and 31.
General comment on data set Data quality: Time Representativeness: In this LCA the data relating to the usages, emissions and materials, and the data relating to the bespoke background processes for environmental impacts are less than 3 years apart, and also the Ecoinvent database version 3.8. The datasets for the raw material constituents that have the largest environmental impact (being bitumens) are from Ecoinvent V 3.8. Time Representativeness is considered to be Very good. Geographical Representativeness: The processes used in the production of the asphalt products are geographically representative, insofar as the production location (Ireland) lies within the region for which the relevant Ecoinvent (version 3.8) and any other bespoke environmental records have been selected. The dataset is up-to-date and representative for the current technology used in the processes of manufacturing the asphalt products. Geographical Representativeness is considered to be Very good. Technical Representativeness: Processes and energies used in the process have been modelled exactly as described by the asphalt manufacturer, and are based directly on the production data supplied by the manufacturer, in relation to processes, fuels used and emissions, and without any significant need for improvement. Technical Representativeness is considered to be Very good. Allocation: The source of default unit processes or activities is the Ecoinvent database version 3.8, system model “Allocation, cut-off by classification”. The measurement of environmental impacts in this EPD uses the LCIA methodologies recommended for PEF 3.0. In this EPD, the waste processes are allocated in the relevant module. In the case of the use of secondary materials or energy recovered from secondary fuels, the system boundary between the system under study and the previous system (providing the secondary materials) is set where outputs of the previous system, e.g. materials, products, building elements or energy, reach the end-of-waste state. The modularity and the polluter payer principles have been followed. Cut-off criteria: All relevant inputs and outputs - like emissions, energy and materials - have been taken into account in this LCA, and in accordance with EN15804+A2:2019. The study covers at least 95% of the materials and energy per module and at least 99% of the total use of materials and energy of each unit process. Long term emissions have been excluded from the study.
Copyright Yes
Owner of data set
Quantitative reference
Reference flow(s)
Biogenic carbon content
  • Carbon content (biogenic): 1.0 kg
  • Carbon content (biogenic) - packaging: 1.0 kg
Time representativeness
Data set valid until 2030
Time representativeness description "2025-10-13" - "2030-10-12"
Technological representativeness
Technology description including background system Bitumen content: 4 - 7 % by mass Density: 2,336 kg/m3 Softening point: 50 - 60 degrees centigrade Viscosity: As per pen grade in product name Marshall Stability: 8-16 kN, depending on traffic loading Resilient modulus: 2,000-5,000 Mpa at 20 degrees centigrade Rut resistance: Min 10mm deformation under standard wheel tracking tests Fatigue life: > 1 million load cycles in well-designed mixes Permeability: < 10-5 cm/s

Indicators of life cycle

IndicatorDirectionUnit Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Use of renewable primary energy (PERE)
Input
  • 3.529
  • 0.0826
  • 0.199
  • 3.529
  • 0.09546
  • 0
  • -6.49
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of renewable primary energy resource (PERT)
Input
  • 3.529
  • 0.0826
  • 0.199
  • 3.529
  • 0.09546
  • 0
  • -6.49
Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE)
Input
  • 262.1
  • 15.4
  • 37
  • 262.1
  • 17.8
  • 0
  • -80.85
Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT)
Input
  • 262.1
  • 15.4
  • 37
  • 262.1
  • 17.8
  • 0
  • -80.85
Use of secondary material (SM)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Use of net fresh water (FW)
Input
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD)
Output
  • 0.0006445
  • 0.0000397
  • 0.0000955
  • 0.0006445
  • 0.00004588
  • 0
  • -0.0004104
Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD)
Output
  • 12.92
  • 0.0193
  • 0.0465
  • 12.92
  • 0.02235
  • 0
  • -0.9495
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD)
Output
  • 0.001668
  • 0.0001
  • 0.000241
  • 0.001668
  • 0.0001158
  • 0
  • -0.00666
Components for re-use (CRU)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for recycling (MFR)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Materials for energy recovery (MER)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported electrical energy (EEE)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Exported thermal energy (EET)
Output
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0

IndicatorUnit Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF)
  • 246.9
  • 14.5
  • 34.9
  • 246.9
  • 16.76
  • 0
  • -1039
Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE)
  • 0.00005773
  • 5.43E-7
  • 0.00000131
  • 0.00005773
  • 6.29E-7
  • 0
  • -0.0001044
Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP)
  • 0.04624
  • 0.00772
  • 0.0129
  • 0.04624
  • 0.007881
  • 0
  • -0.2019
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP)
  • 0.000003774
  • 2.26E-7
  • 5.44E-7
  • 0.000003774
  • 2.612E-7
  • 0
  • -0.00001608
Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater)
  • 0.0001161
  • 0.00000351
  • 0.00000844
  • 0.0001161
  • 0.00000407
  • 0
  • -0.0004279
Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine)
  • 0.00919
  • 0.00333
  • 0.00504
  • 0.00919
  • 0.0033
  • 0
  • -0.04297
Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial)
  • 0.1024
  • 0.0365
  • 0.0554
  • 0.1024
  • 0.03632
  • 0
  • -0.5414
Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic)
  • 0.01484
  • 0.000398
  • 0.000958
  • 0.01484
  • 0.0004588
  • 0
  • -0.106
Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil)
  • 16.28
  • 1.41
  • 3.39
  • 16.28
  • 1.628
  • 0
  • -18.27
Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc)
  • 0.006512
  • 0.000104
  • 0.00025
  • 0.006512
  • 0.0001202
  • 0
  • -0.01573
Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total)
  • 16.31
  • 1.41
  • 3.39
  • 16.31
  • 1.63
  • 0
  • -18.35
Global warming potential except emissions and uptake of biogenic carbon (GWP-IOBC/GHG)
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
  • 0.03937
  • 0.00931
  • 0.0146
  • 0.03937
  • 0.009324
  • 0
  • -0.1797
Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP)
  • 0.7515
  • 0.0226
  • 0.0543
  • 0.7515
  • 0.02609
  • 0
  • -10.31

IndicatorUnit Transport
A4
 Installation
A5
 De-construction
C1
 Transport
C2
 Waste processing
C3
 Disposal
C4
 Recycling Potential
D
1This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation on human health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents, occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by this indicator.
2The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties on these results are high or as there is limited experiences with the indicator.
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) 2
  • 193.8
  • 8.44
  • 20.3
  • 193.8
  • 9.768
  • 0
  • -2479
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) 2
  • 6.232E-9
  • 3.28E-10
  • 7.89E-10
  • 6.232E-9
  • 3.77E-10
  • 0
  • -1.23E-8
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) 2
  • 1.959E-7
  • 6.1E-9
  • 1.14E-8
  • 1.959E-7
  • 5.994E-9
  • 0
  • -2.313E-7
Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) 1
  • 1.072
  • 0.0618
  • 0.149
  • 1.072
  • 0.07141
  • 0
  • -4.605
Potential Soil quality index (SQP) 2
  • 172.1
  • 1.85
  • 4.44
  • 172.1
  • 2.135
  • 0
  • -753.9
Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) 2
  • 0.000001308
  • 2.97E-8
  • 5.45E-8
  • 0.000001308
  • 3.099E-8
  • 0
  • -0.000002074