8e77e127-41a2-48cc-a3ee-bce77aa72452 145mm Pre-stressed Concrete Wall Panel Data quality: Product Stage (A1–A3) Raw material quantities, transport distances, manufacturing energy use, and waste generation data were provided by the manufacturer. The manufacturing route modelled consists of on-site batching, concrete production, casting, prestressing, curing, and finishing. Concrete production was modelled using batching datasets consistent with strength class C40/50. Prestressing steel was modelled using low-alloy steel datasets representing typical UK supply. Transport of raw materials was modelled using average distances provided by the manufacturer. Manufacturing energy consumption and fuel use were allocated to the declared unit based on mass share of production. Concrete breakages and manufacturing rejects generated during production, where not recovered, are crushed on site and reused within the manufacturing facility or sold as secondary material. As no concrete production waste is disposed of as waste, no concrete waste treatment or disposal is modelled in Module A3. Only the energy and fuel use associated with normal manufacturing operations are included as well as mixed waste generated on site from ancillary materials and packaging. Geographical representativeness: Manufacturing of the declared product takes place in the United Kingdom. Where available, background datasets representative of the United Kingdom (GB) were applied. Where UK-specific datasets were not available, European (RER) datasets were used, followed by global (GLO) datasets where no European alternatives existed. Raw materials, transport distances, and energy carriers are considered representative of typical UK supply chains. Geographical representativeness is therefore considered to be Good. Technical representativeness: Primary foreground data were obtained directly from the manufacturer and include: Concrete mix compositions, delivery data, transport distances, fuel consumption, waste contractor records, and electricity and water consumption. Concrete was modelled using appropriate strength-class proxies from ecoinvent. Prestressing steel, fuels, packaging materials, and transport processes were modelled using representative ecoinvent datasets selected to reflect the closest available technological match. These include diesel burned as a proxy for kerosene where no data for kerosene was available, organic chemicals for unspecified admixture, and lubricating oil for mould oil. Technical representativeness is therefore considered to be Good. Time representativeness: Foreground manufacturing and logistics data were collected for a representative 12-month reporting period for 2025. Background life cycle inventory data were sourced from ecoinvent v3.10 (2023). For some background datasets, the reference year may differ slightly from the foreground data period; however, all datasets are considered representative of current production technologies. Time representativeness is therefore considered to be Very Good. Database used: ecoinvent v3.10 (cut-off system model, 2023) LCA tool used: OpenLCA 2.5.0 with assessor-developed calculation spreadsheets Allocation: No co-products are generated during the manufacturing process. Concrete breakages are treated as recovered material and are not considered co-products; associated benefits are accounted for in Module D in accordance with EN 15804. Manufacturing energy use, fuel consumption, and waste generation data were collected as annual site totals. These flows were allocated to the declared product based on the proportion of total annual production represented by the 95mm pre-stressed concrete wall panel, using a mass-based allocation approach. This allocation method reflects the proportional relationship between production throughput and resource use and is consistent with EN 15804 requirements and EPD Ireland PCR guidance. Cut-off criteria: The study follows the cut-off rules defined in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019. All relevant material and energy inputs and waste flows for which data were available have been included in the life cycle inventory. Capital goods and long-life reusable equipment (including reusable moulds, timber bearers, and lifting equipment) are excluded from the system boundary. Ancillary materials with very low replacement frequency and negligible contribution to overall environmental impacts are excluded where their contribution is expected to fall below EN 15804 cut-off thresholds. Ancillary materials included consist of cutting discs, and mould oil. 1 2026 2031 "2026-09-18" - "2031-09-17" 2026-09-18 Manufactured and supplied for use within the United Kingdom. The panels have been tested and complies to the following standards: Design Codes > BS EN 1990 – Basis of Structural Design (Eurocode 0) > BS EN 1991 – Part 1-1 – General Actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings (Eurocode 1) > BS EN 1992 – Part 1-1 – Design of Concrete Structures (Eurocode 2) > BS EN 15037 – Part 1 – Precast Concrete Products – Beam and block floor systems Manufacturing Codes > BS EN 13670 – Execution of Concrete Structures > BS EN 13369 – Common rules for precast concrete products Materials Codes > BS EN 206 – Concrete – Specification, performance, production and conformity > BS 8500 – Concrete – Complimentary British Standard to BS EN 206 > BS EN 12620 – Aggregates for concrete > BS EN 197 – Cement – composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements > BS EN 934 – Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout > BS 5896 – Specification of high tensile steel wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete The product is 145mm pre-stressed concrete wall panel, manufactured by Atlas Concrete and supplied to the United Kingdom construction market for use as a structural element within precast concrete wall systems. The panels are produced using high-strength pre-stressing steel and structural concrete, cast in reusable moulds and cured under controlled factory conditions prior to dispatch. They are ideal for forming strong, durable walls in livestock buildings, warehouses, and commercial structures, as well as retaining bulk materials such as silage, grain and aggregate. The main material components consist of varied aggregates, ad-mix, water and CEM I, mixed on site, as well as pre-stressing wires. A full breakdown of material contributions can be found in the Additional Technical Information. Manufacture of the declared product is undertaken using one specific production route within the Atlas Concrete supply chain in the production site, Workington. The 145mm pre-stressed concrete wall panel is intended for use in precast concrete wall systems, providing structural support. The units are designed to achieve long term structural performance with efficient material usage through the incorporation of pre-stressing steel. Concrete used in the manufacture of the beams is designed to meet the relevant performance requirements for structural applications, with strength class selected to satisfy durability and load criteria. Prestressing steel is applied to improve structural efficiency, reduce deflections, and optimise section geometry. Production is carried out under controlled factory conditions using reusable steel moulds, with curing regimes designed to achieve consistent mechanical performance and surface quality. No reference service life is applicable due to its structural use. The service life is dependent on the constructed buildings intended life-span. EPD CEN TR 16970:2016 in Ireland for the development of Environmental Product Declarations (issued 05.03.2022), Version 2.1 specific dataset ecoinvent database (all versions) This EPD is prepared in accordance with EN 15804+A2 and follows the EPD Ireland reporting format. Declared modules: A1–A3: Product stage (raw material supply, transport, manufacturing) The climate impact for electricity used for manufacturing in this product is 2.76E-05 kgCO2eq per Kwh. C1–C4: End-of-life (not modelled with site-specific demolition scenarios within this draft unless confirmed) Module D: Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary, declared to account for material recovery from both production breakages and end-of-life recycling. Modules A4–A5 are not declared as transport to site and installation are project-specific. Stephen Forson EN 15804+A2 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant ISO 14025 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant ISO 21930 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant LCA.no AS 2026-09-18T15:38:54 ILCD format EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 EPD-Datenformaterweiterungen v1.2 01.01.000 2026-09-18T12:40:47.9478121Z EPD Ireland EPDIE-26-302 Atlas Concrete Ltd true Free of charge for all users and uses None EPD Ireland 145mm Pre-stressed Concrete Wall Panel General reminder flow Output 1 1 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) Fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (RPEE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 21.800000000000 0.478000000000 1.910000000000 0.006410000000 0.719000000000 0.154000000000 0.150000000000 4.770000000000 MJ Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) Fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (RPEE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Total use of renewable primary energy resource (PERT) Total bruk av fornybar primærenergi (TPE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 21.800000000000 0.478000000000 1.910000000000 0.006410000000 0.719000000000 0.154000000000 0.150000000000 4.770000000000 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) Ikke fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (NRPE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 315.000000000000 27.800000000000 76.200000000000 1.050000000000 41.900000000000 25.100000000000 13.900000000000 88.100000000000 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) Ikke fornybar primærenergi brukt som råmateriale (NRPM) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) Total nicht erneuerbare Primärenergie (PENRT) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 315.000000000000 27.800000000000 76.200000000000 1.050000000000 41.900000000000 25.100000000000 13.900000000000 88.100000000000 MJ Use of secondary material (SM) Bruk av sekundære materialer (SM) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) Bruk av fornybart sekundære brensel (RSF) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) Bruk av ikke fornybart sekundære brensel (NRSF) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Use of net fresh water (FW) Netto bruk av ferskvann (W) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.281000000000 0.003740000000 0.014500000000 0.000067900000 0.005620000000 0.001630000000 0.006580000000 0.121000000000 m3 Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) Avhendet farlig avfall (HW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.902000000000 0.027600000000 0.354000000000 0.000905000000 0.041500000000 0.021800000000 0.013700000000 0.239000000000 kg Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) Avhendet ikke-farlig avfall (NHW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 7.600000000000 0.306000000000 4.540000000000 0.006790000000 0.460000000000 0.163000000000 34.900000000000 1.550000000000 kg Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) Avhendet radioaktivt avfall (RW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000530000000 0.000008970000 0.000158000000 0.000000115000 0.000013500000 0.000002760000 0.000002410000 0.000091300000 kg Components for re-use (CRU) Komponenter for gjenbruk (CR) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Materials for recycling (MFR) Materialer for resirkulering (MR) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 313.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Materials for energy recovery (MER) Materialer for energigjenvinning (MER) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Exported electrical energy (EEE) Eksportert elektrisk energi(EEE) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Exported thermal energy (EET) Eksportert termisk energi (ETE) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Forsurningspotensial for kilder på land og vann (AP) 0 undefined 0 0.158000000000 0.004120000000 0.017400000000 0.000721000000 0.006200000000 0.017300000000 0.005320000000 0.040400000000 mol H+ eqv. Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial -totalt (GWPtotal) 0 undefined 0 64.600000000000 1.980000000000 5.360000000000 0.079900000000 2.980000000000 1.370000000000 0.839000000000 7.040000000000 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial - biogene kilder( GWP-biogenic) 0 undefined 0 0.963000000000 0.001370000000 1.080000000000 0.000008730000 0.002060000000 0.000210000000 0.000561000000 0.003190000000 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial - fossile brensler (GWP-fossil) 0 undefined 0 63.600000000000 1.980000000000 4.280000000000 0.079900000000 2.980000000000 1.920000000000 0.837000000000 7.030000000000 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial arealbruk endringer i bruk av arealer (GWP-luluc) 0 undefined 0 0.014300000000 0.000657000000 0.001100000000 0.000006940000 0.000988000000 0.000167000000 0.001570000000 0.004460000000 kg CO2 eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) Økotoksisitet, ferskvann (ETP-fw) 0 undefined 0 116.000000000000 7.570000000000 34.800000000000 0.148000000000 11.400000000000 3.560000000000 3.920000000000 126.000000000000 CTUe Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) Partikkelutslipp (PM) 0 undefined 0 0.000001380000 0.000000146000 0.000000349000 0.000000020500 0.000000219000 0.000002820000 0.000000388000 0.000000625000 disease incidence Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) Overgjødslingspotensial til hav (EP-marine), hav og jord 0 undefined 0 0.046200000000 0.000990000000 0.005910000000 0.000334000000 0.001490000000 0.008040000000 0.002190000000 0.011100000000 kg N eqv. Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) Overgjødslingspotensial til ferskvann (EP-freshwater) 0 undefined 0 0.007610000000 0.000134000000 0.000638000000 0.000002330000 0.000202000000 0.000056100000 0.000057800000 0.001740000000 kg P eqv. Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) Overgjødslingspotensial til jord (EP-terrestrial) 0 undefined 0 0.522000000000 0.010700000000 0.063000000000 0.003660000000 0.016100000000 0.088000000000 0.023800000000 0.127000000000 mol N eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) Toksisitet påvirkning på mennesker, kreft (HTP-c) 0 undefined 0 0.000000242000 0.000000014000 0.000000087400 0.000000000312 0.000000021100 0.000000007510 0.000000003950 0.000000419000 CTUh Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) Toksisitet påvirkning på mennesker, andre effekter enn kreft (HTP-nc) 0 undefined 0 0.000000443000 0.000000018000 0.000000039300 0.000000000142 0.000000027100 0.000000003420 0.000000005560 0.000000061500 CTUh Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) Ioniserende stråling, helseeffekt (IRP) 0 undefined 0 2.090000000000 0.036100000000 0.731000000000 0.000468000000 0.054300000000 0.011300000000 0.009850000000 0.374000000000 kBq U235 eqv. Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Påvirkninger knyttet til arealbruksendringer / jordkvalitet (SQP) 0 undefined 0 134.000000000000 16.800000000000 7.990000000000 0.073500000000 25.300000000000 1.770000000000 15.300000000000 60.900000000000 unitless Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Potensial for nedbryting av stratosfærisk ozon (ODP) 0 undefined 0 0.000000283000 0.000000039300 0.000000115000 0.000000001220 0.000000059200 0.000000029400 0.000000016300 0.000000068700 kg CFC 11 eqv. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) Potensial for fotokjemisk oksidantdanning (POCP) 0 undefined 0 0.152000000000 0.006850000000 0.033900000000 0.001090000000 0.010300000000 0.026200000000 0.007840000000 0.039100000000 kg NMVOC eqv. Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisk utarmingspotensial for fossile ressurser, fosile brensler (ADP-fossil) 0 undefined 0 315.000000000000 27.800000000000 76.200000000000 1.050000000000 41.800000000000 25.100000000000 13.900000000000 88.100000000000 MJ Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisk utarmingspotensial for ikke-fossile ressurser, mineraler (ADP-elements) 0 undefined 0 0.000201000000 0.000006590000 0.000013700000 0.000000029300 0.000009910000 0.000000705000 0.000001740000 0.000028700000 kg Sb-eqv. Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) Utarmingspotensial for vannressurser (WDP) 0 undefined 0 9.070000000000 0.136000000000 0.725000000000 0.002560000000 0.205000000000 0.061500000000 0.050000000000 5.030000000000 m3 world eqv. Global warming potential except emissions and uptake of biogenic carbon (GWP-IOBC/GHG) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial beregnet etter prinsippet om umiddelbar oksidasjon (GWP-IOBC) 0 undefined 0 63.600000000000 1.980000000000 4.280000000000 0.079900000000 2.980000000000 1.920000000000 0.838000000000 7.040000000000 kg CO2 eqv.