fa2b2481-8ab9-4eb2-8093-d38a53bbbeef C16/20 Readymix Concrete (0% GGBS Cement Replacement) Data quality: Geographical representativeness: Data is from the area under study (Ireland/Europe), where all the raw materials come from Ireland. The geographical representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Technical representativeness: Data is from the processes and products under study. The same state of technology is used by all the readymix manufacturers in Ireland. The processes use electricity for mixing and diesel for internal transport. The electricity record is for electricity generated by a mix of renewables and fossil fuel resources, which is the average electricity mix for the island of Ireland. The records for cement and GGBS are those specifically used in the industry in Ireland and are the best possible sources for these representative readymix products. The reference for cement is from the average cement EPD published by Cement Manufacturers Ireland in 2022. The technical representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Time representativeness: The production year used in this LCA is 2023. The Ecoinvent version 3.9.1 database was used to represent energies and processes. This version of Ecoinvent was issued in March 2023. The main raw materials used CEM II/A-L cement and GGBS manufactured in Ireland are represented by EPDs which are for these exact specific products and were published in 2022 and 2024 respectively. The time representativeness is thus assumed to be ‘very good’. Allocation: The measurement of environmental impacts in this EPD uses the LCIA methodologies recommended for PEF 3.0. In this EPD, the waste processes are allocated in the relevant module. In the case of the use of secondary materials or energy recovered from secondary fuels, the system boundary between the system under study and the previous system (providing the secondary materials) is set where outputs of the previous system, e.g. materials, products, building elements or energy, reach the end-of-waste state. The modularity and the polluter payer principles have been followed. Cut-off criteria: All relevant inputs and outputs - like emissions, energy and materials - have been taken into account in this LCA, and in accordance with EN15804+A2:2019. The study covers at least 95% of the materials and energy per module and at least 99% of the total use of materials and energy of each unit process. Long term emissions have been excluded from the study. 1 2025 2030 "2025-06-16" - "2030-06-15" 2025-06-16 Readymix concrete supplied to the market in Republic of Ireland Concrete is a material formed by mixing cement and/or other binders, coarse and fine aggregate and water, with or without the incorporation of admixtures and additions. Fresh concrete is manufactured at readymix batch plants and is delivered to the construction sites in a liquid state. Fresh concrete is placed, compacted and then hardens in the required shape via a chemical reaction. The mix proportions of a specific load of concrete vary significantly depending on element performance requirements, workability, method of placing, aggregate properties and aggregate grading. This ability to tailor a concrete mix is a key advantage of the product but it does mean that there are almost infinite possible mix permutations. This EPD is one of a suite of representative industry EPDs produced to cover a range of typical mixes produced by ICF members. It should be noted that the technical information provided here is indicative and any mix design decisions should be agreed with your concrete supplier. The Irish Concrete Federation (ICF) is the national representative organisation for the Irish aggregates and concrete products industry. The Federation has 74 members and associate members operating at approximately 300 locations throughout the country. The membership is made up of both publicly listed and family owned businesses. ICF members are responsible for the manufacture and supply of the key building materials used in the construction of Ireland’s built environment. The majority of ICF members manufacture aggregates (crushed rock, sand and gravel), ready mixed concrete and precast concrete products for supply to the Irish construction industry. In addition, some members manufacture agricultural lime which is used by farmers to improve soil fertility. Readymix concrete is manufactured in accordance with I.S. EN 206:2013+A2:2021 Concrete- Part1: Specification, performance, production and conformity. EPD I.S. EN 16757:2017, PCR for concrete and concrete elements. representative dataset ecoinvent database (all versions) This EPD covers cradle to gate with options, modules C1–C4, and module D. The options include A4, A5 (construction installation stage) and B (User stage). In the B stages B1 (Use) covers carbonation during the life of the concrete. Ole M. K. Iversen EN 15804+A2 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant ISO 14025 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant ISO 21930 Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant Fully compliant LCA.no AS 2025-06-19T11:27:36 ILCD format EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 EPD-Datenformaterweiterungen v1.2 00.03.000 2025-06-13T08:38:35.6594974Z EPD Ireland EPDIE-24-196 Irish Concrete Federation true Free of charge for all users and uses None EPD Ireland C16/20 Readymix Concrete (0% GGBS Cement Replacement) General reminder flow Output 1 1 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) Fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (RPEE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 38.281674162222 1.067540374275 7.523522913203 0.295441895432 1.139207757888 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.911948888068 4.941323577702 7.317016134923 0.000000000000 -4.687634088926 MJ Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) Fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (RPEE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Total use of renewable primary energy resource (PERT) Total bruk av fornybar primærenergi (TPE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 38.281674162222 1.067540374275 7.523522913203 0.295441895432 1.139207757888 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.911948888068 4.941323577702 7.317016134923 0.000000000000 -4.687634088926 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) Ikke fornybar primærenergi brukt som energibærer (NRPE) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 569.582711786214 72.200362675341 73.942178840364 55.212789156624 24.314173853451 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 170.427248505356 334.193781334742 155.753125349589 0.000000000000 -77.200143187383 MJ Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) Ikke fornybar primærenergi brukt som råmateriale (NRPM) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) Total nicht erneuerbare Primärenergie (PENRT) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 569.582711786214 72.200362675341 73.942178840364 55.212789156624 24.314173853451 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 170.427248505356 334.193781334742 155.753125349589 0.000000000000 -77.200143187383 MJ Use of secondary material (SM) Bruk av sekundære materialer (SM) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 2.584000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.064600000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) Bruk av fornybart sekundære brensel (RSF) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 64.790000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 1.619750000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) Bruk av ikke fornybart sekundære brensel (NRSF) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 97.660000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 2.441500000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Use of net fresh water (FW) Netto bruk av ferskvann (W) General reminder flow Input 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 1.016504647933 0.009117920869 0.006586810638 0.003650364694 0.026862098817 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.011267696012 0.042204115607 0.015454380496 0.000000000000 -0.156924597765 m3 Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) Avhendet farlig avfall (HW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000431133174 0.000432061739 0.000399446384 0.000349490105 0.000081646599 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.001078783410 0.001999883946 0.000684558913 0.000000000000 -0.000429252770 kg Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) Avhendet ikke-farlig avfall (NHW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.643488006489 3.374092379036 0.167751669135 0.074296250593 0.495726614754 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.229323457226 15.617659647960 0.448929326180 0.000000000000 -0.394409943214 kg Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) Avhendet radioaktivt avfall (RW) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000079132005 0.000022329695 0.000025514472 0.000005689070 0.000005762654 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000017560608 0.000103357447 0.000016166086 0.000000000000 -0.000029111646 kg Components for re-use (CRU) Komponenter for gjenbruk (CR) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Materials for recycling (MFR) Materialer for resirkulering (MR) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 2110.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Materials for energy recovery (MER) Materialer for energigjenvinning (MER) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg Exported electrical energy (EEE) Eksportert elektrisk energi(EEE) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Exported thermal energy (EET) Eksportert termisk energi (ETE) General reminder flow Output 0 0 0 0 undefined 0 Primary Measured 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 MJ Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP) Forsurningspotensial for kilder på land og vann (AP) 0 undefined 0 0.403744256156 0.010452921921 0.037551434661 0.036751108513 0.012505320518 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.113441040419 0.048383434285 0.080693853166 0.000000000000 -0.113958759274 mol H+ eqv. Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial -totalt (GWPtotal) 0 undefined 0 144.753317789093 4.912868609769 5.185395355960 4.062454517286 4.440743443465 -11.700000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 12.539721670828 22.740192390478 6.840546275253 0.000000000000 -6.223928141573 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - biogenic (GWP-biogenic) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial - biogene kilder( GWP-biogenic) 0 undefined 0 0.121512165268 0.004865578415 0.030112944742 0.001059281048 0.004476239672 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.003269709920 0.022521300292 0.054331391930 0.000000000000 0.005354504072 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial - fossile brensler (GWP-fossil) 0 undefined 0 144.658180510557 4.906393878728 5.153767423585 4.061467170529 4.436661954494 -11.700000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 12.536674007878 22.710222806259 6.786177647846 0.000000000000 -6.227403742971 kg CO2 eqv. Global Warming Potential - land use and land use change (GWP-luluc) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial arealbruk endringer i bruk av arealer (GWP-luluc) 0 undefined 0 0.032395172977 0.002379803673 0.002061745672 0.000448695032 0.001196762700 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.001384997525 0.011015396030 0.001228135912 0.000000000000 -0.002718039348 kg CO2 eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) Økotoksisitet, ferskvann (ETP-fw) 0 undefined 0 3735.779237460949 66.190547818784 55.308639353859 44.374867355256 104.104151461074 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 136.973432635472 306.376154419686 138.562772552470 0.000000000000 -4531.240015062163 CTUe Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) Partikkelutslipp (PM) 0 undefined 0 0.000003364507 0.000000354847 0.000000937668 0.000001024568 0.000000157556 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000003162574 0.000001642482 0.000001440333 0.000000000000 -0.000001760323 disease incidence Eutrophication potential - marine (EP-marine) Overgjødslingspotensial til hav (EP-marine), hav og jord 0 undefined 0 0.124390092856 0.002573404399 0.015997866946 0.017014488901 0.003872319137 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.052519274645 0.011911515609 0.026219909179 0.000000000000 -0.039818549585 kg N eqv. Eutrophication potential - freshwater (EP-freshwater) Overgjødslingspotensial til ferskvann (EP-freshwater) 0 undefined 0 0.003382863238 0.000038844740 0.000026668415 0.000014318839 0.000090711930 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000044198405 0.000179800628 0.000202732153 0.000000000000 -0.000091078606 kg P eqv. Eutrophication potential - terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) Overgjødslingspotensial til jord (EP-terrestrial) 0 undefined 0 1.509018321811 0.026794987600 0.174654631032 0.185171226015 0.045867523517 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.571575119947 0.124025945230 0.287393818713 0.000000000000 -0.553632582149 mol N eqv. Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) Toksisitet påvirkning på mennesker, kreft (HTP-c) 0 undefined 0 0.000000009587 0.000000002188 0.000000001615 0.000000001217 0.000000000588 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000003758 0.000000010129 0.000000003238 0.000000000000 -0.000000002979 CTUh Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) Toksisitet påvirkning på mennesker, andre effekter enn kreft (HTP-nc) 0 undefined 0 0.000000203936 0.000000061392 0.000000044988 0.000000026755 0.000000014874 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000082586 0.000000284167 0.000000110807 0.000000000000 -0.000000109502 CTUh Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) Ioniserende stråling, helseeffekt (IRP) 0 undefined 0 2.146905362409 0.034416671120 0.053982935012 0.010616432979 0.059871883674 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.032770056432 0.159304427796 0.029117895932 0.000000000000 -0.047456448652 kBq U235 eqv. Potential Soil quality index (SQP) Påvirkninger knyttet til arealbruksendringer / jordkvalitet (SQP) 0 undefined 0 495.152105288645 41.289953136150 7.545101432254 3.547445699127 18.385625191019 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 10.949919879342 191.118784704073 15.462620715140 0.000000000000 -216.657125225280 unitless Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) Potensial for nedbryting av stratosfærisk ozon (ODP) 0 undefined 0 0.000003261216 0.000000104089 0.000000152306 0.000000063067 0.000000100005 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000194670 0.000000481797 0.000000324106 0.000000000000 -0.000000079435 kg CFC 11 eqv. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) Potensial for fotokjemisk oksidantdanning (POCP) 0 undefined 0 0.361256047428 0.016226907683 0.051865170106 0.054842246964 0.012614574896 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.169283641776 0.075109479190 0.085496625578 0.000000000000 -0.124566394156 kg NMVOC eqv. Abiotic depletion potential - fossil resources (ADPF) Abiotisk utarmingspotensial for fossile ressurser, fosile brensler (ADP-fossil) 0 undefined 0 558.625692102042 67.916132351042 69.322470192042 51.929319577214 25.268811873242 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 160.292048019822 314.363366650752 145.647552649533 0.000000000000 -72.567025265911 MJ Abiotic depletion potential - non-fossil resources (ADPE) Abiotisk utarmingspotensial for ikke-fossile ressurser, mineraler (ADP-elements) 0 undefined 0 0.000104362937 0.000015631877 0.000017034562 0.000001384092 0.000005237636 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000004272285 0.000072355263 0.000036829677 0.000000000000 -0.000014200483 kg Sb-eqv. Water (user) deprivation potential (WDP) Utarmingspotensial for vannressurser (WDP) 0 undefined 0 43.125459483175 0.280561494652 0.303760207189 0.112986968877 1.125264600870 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.348760450756 1.298634845039 0.785113269056 0.000000000000 -6.633904000807 m3 world eqv. Global warming potential except emissions and uptake of biogenic carbon (GWP-IOBC/GHG) Globalt oppvarmingspotensial beregnet etter prinsippet om umiddelbar oksidasjon (GWP-IOBC) 0 undefined 0 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 0.000000000000 kg CO2 eqv.