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General comment Data quality:
Time Representativeness
The data relating to the manufacturing of concrete blocks, and the data relating to the background processes for environmental impacts are recent (<2 years). The records for the supplier of the CEM I and CEM II/A-L cement are from the EPD for Breedon Cement products for the production year of 2024.
Time Representativeness is considered to be Very good.
Geographical Representativeness
The processes used in the production of the concrete blocks are geographically representative, insofar as the production location of the blocks lies within the region for which the relevant Ecoinvent
(version 3.11) environmental records have been selected. The modelling of the cement uses the actual cement supplier to Breedon blocks, Breedon Cement in Ireland. The impacts of the aggregates (crushed limestone) supplied from a local quarry are modelled based on the specific operational data from this quarry.
Geographical Representativeness is considered to be Very good.
Technical Representativeness
Processes and energies used in the process have been modelled exactly as described by Breedon, and are based directly on the production data supplied by Breedon blocks, in relation to processes, fuels used, emissions and wastes generated, and without any significant need for improvement. The impacts of the aggregates (crushed limestone) supplied from a local quarry are modelled based on the specific operational data from this quarry. The records for the supplier of the CEM I and CEM II/A-L cement (Breedon Cement, Ireland) are from the EPD for Breedon Cement products, thus they are the most technically representative available.
Technical Representativeness is considered to be Very good.
Allocation:
The source of default unit processes or activities is the Ecoinvent database version 3.11, system model “Allocation, cut-off by classification”. The measurement of environmental impacts in this EPD uses the LCIA methodologies recommended for PEF 3.1. In this EPD, the waste processes are allocated in the relevant module. In the case of the use of secondary materials or energy recovered from secondary fuels, the system boundary between the system under study and the previous system (providing the secondary materials) is set where outputs of the previous system, e.g. materials, products, building elements or energy, reach the end-of-waste state. The modularity and the polluter payer principles have been followed,
Cut-off criteria:
All relevant inputs and outputs - like emissions, energy and materials - have been taken into account in this LCA, and in accordance with EN15804+A2:2019. The study covers at least 95% of the materials and energy per module and at least 99% of the total use of materials and energy of each unit process. Long term emissions have been excluded from the study.
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